educaciónartistica2013.blogspot.com
Abstract
El texto refiere a la importancia del acceso de los niños a todo tipo de literatura , esto permitirá que desarrollen pasión por la lectura y mejoren sus capacidades linguisticas. Este proceso debe ser fomentado tanto desde las instituciones como desde el hogar.
A lo largo del texto se explican diferentes aspectos en los cuales la práctica de lectura y acercamiento a la literatura favorecen el desarrollo de los niños. Se establecen por ejemplo su contribución al desarrollo cognitivo así como permiten la transmisión de tradiciones culturales al niño. También tiene influencia sobre la inteligencia emocional y colabora a crear un pensamiento reflexivo sobre lo leido así como opiniones personales.La literatura, a su vez, fomenta la ceatividad, la imaginacion, expresividad, la personalidad y el desarrollo social. Por último los adultos referentes deben saber elegir que tipo de literatura es de buena calidad ya que como vimos es de gran influencia en lo cognitivo y emocional asíc omo lo y es responsabilidad del adulto su selección.
miércoles, 16 de octubre de 2013
http://musicatradicional2013.blogspot.com/2013/10/uruguay-music-uruguay-music-is-very.html
Read the text and answer:
1- ¿De qué trata el texto?
2- ¿Cuáles son los principales estilos musicales de Uruguay?
3-¿Consideras
importante la inclusión de los diferentes estilos musicales en el
Programa de Educación Inicial y Primaria? ¿Por qué?
1- El texto se trata de la diversidad cultural del uruguay y las diferentes manifestaciones musicales que de ella se derivan.
2- Los principales estilos son: tango, candombe, murga, milonga, rock, jazz y cumbia.
3- Si, consideramos importante respetando la diversidad cultural incorporar los diferentes estilos. Todos ellos son aportes muy interesantes para trabajar la música como contenido y también como disparadores de otros temas.
cienciasnaturalesenlaescuela2013.blogspot.com
TRUE OR FALSE and
- El cuerpo humano al respirar inhala
- - Dióxido de carbno
- - Oxígeno
Verdadero
- El aire solo puede ser inhalado por la nariz Puede ser inhalado por la nariz y la boca pero en el video se establece que se debe inhalar por la nariz para evitar el ngreso de particulas dañiñas
- Las cilias protegen al organismo de partículas externas Verdadero
- La Tráquea es un tubo de 4 cm de longitud Falso de 2cm o 3cm
- Al hacer ejercicios el cuerpo necesita, de oxígeno:
- la cantidad normal
- menor cantidad
- mayor cantidad
El cuerpo necesita mayor cantidad de oxígeno al realizar ejercicios
- menor cantidad
- mayor cantidad
El cuerpo necesita mayor cantidad de oxígeno al realizar ejercicios
- El aire al ingresar por la nariz se enfría y se humedece Falso se entibia y humedece
- Las vías respiratoria de la nariz y la boca se reúnen en:
-Faringe
-Tráquea
En la faringe
En la faringe
- La faringe interviene tanto para la respiración como para la digestión Verdadero
- La epiglotis cubre el único paso de aire cuando tragamos Verdadero
La laringe se halla en la parte inferior de la tráquea
Falso se halla en la parte superio de la tráquea
Elcomedoescolar.blogspot.com
READ THE TEXT AND CREAT A KWL
READ THE TEXT AND CREAT A KWL
What's the Difference Between a Fruit and a Vegetable?
K
Las frutas son una parte diferente de la planta que los vegetales
La fruta es el ovario modificado de la planta que alberga las semillas
De los vegetales consumimos sus hojas, raices, tubérculos, etc.
Los vegetales no dan frutos.
W
Cuales son las diferencias más importantes
Si existen diferencias a nivel nutricional
Cuáles son estas diferencias
L
Las frutas son desde el punto de vista botánico una estructura que protege las semillas que se desarrolla desde el ovario de una planta en floración y las verduras son partes de una planta que consumimos y que no son frutos .
Find a text.
a) Create a KWL
K
El nombre de nuestro sistema se debe a que el sol es el centro de este.
Esta compuesto por el sol y por 8 planetas que orbitan a su alrededor.
Se cree que su origen estuvo en una gigantesca explosión denominada Big- Bang
Otros componentes del sistema son cometas, asteroides y satélites naturales como la luna.
W
Cuáles son las distancias entre el planeta más lejano y el más cercano al sol.
Cuántos satélites naturales poseen los diferentes planetas.
Cuánto tiempo demora la rotación de Venus sobre su eje.
Qué diferencias hay entre un planeta y otro.
L
b)Read the text and create a KWL
The Water Cycle
The Water Cycle (also known as the hydrologic cycle) is the journey water takes as it circulates from the land to the sky and back again.
The Sun's heat provides energy to evaporate water from the Earth's surface (oceans, lakes, etc.). Plants also lose water to the air (this is called transpiration). The water vapor eventually condenses, forming tiny droplets in clouds. When the clouds meet cool air over land, precipitation (rain, sleet, or snow) is triggered, and water returns to the land (or sea). Some of the precipitation soaks into the ground. Some of the underground water is trapped between rock or clay layers; this is called groundwater. But most of the water flows downhill as runoff (above ground or underground), eventually returning to the seas as slightly salty water.
WHY ARE THE OCEANS SALTY?
As water flows through rivers, it picks up small amounts of mineral
salts from the rocks and soil of the river beds. This very-slightly
salty water flows into the oceans and seas. The water in the oceans
only leaves by evaporating (and the freezing of polar ice), but the salt
remains dissolved in the ocean - it does not evaporate. So the
remaining water gets saltier and saltier as time passes.
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/planets/earth/Watercycle.shtml
Taken from:
a) Create a KWL
What Is The Solar System?
The Solar System
is made up of all the planets that orbit our Sun. In addition to
planets, the Solar System also consists of moons, comets, asteroids,
minor planets, and dust and gas.
Everything in the Solar System orbits or revolves around the Sun. The Sun contains around 98% of all the material in the Solar System. The larger an object is, the more gravity it has. Because the Sun is so large, its powerful gravity attracts all the other objects in the Solar System towards it. At the same time, these objects, which are moving very rapidly, try to fly away from the Sun, outward into the emptiness of outer space. The result of the planets trying to fly away, at the same time that the Sun is trying to pull them inward is that they become trapped half-way in between. Balanced between flying towards the Sun, and escaping into space, they spend eternity orbiting around their parent star.
Everything in the Solar System orbits or revolves around the Sun. The Sun contains around 98% of all the material in the Solar System. The larger an object is, the more gravity it has. Because the Sun is so large, its powerful gravity attracts all the other objects in the Solar System towards it. At the same time, these objects, which are moving very rapidly, try to fly away from the Sun, outward into the emptiness of outer space. The result of the planets trying to fly away, at the same time that the Sun is trying to pull them inward is that they become trapped half-way in between. Balanced between flying towards the Sun, and escaping into space, they spend eternity orbiting around their parent star.
How Did The Solar System form?
This is an
important question, and one that is difficult for scientists to
understand. After all, the creation of our Solar System took place
billions of years before there were any people around to witness it. Our
own evolution is tied closely to the evolution of the Solar System.
Thus, without understanding from where the Solar System came from, it is
difficult to comprehend how mankind came to be.
Scientists believe that the Solar System evolved from a giant cloud of dust and gas. They believe that this dust and gas began to collapse under the weight of its own gravity. As it did so, the matter contained within this could begin moving in a giant circle, much like the water in a drain moves around the center of the drain in a circle.
At the center of this spinning cloud, a small star began to form. This star grew larger and larger as it collected more and more of the dust and gas that collapsed into it.
Further away from the center of this mass where the star was forming, there were smaller clumps of dust and gas that were also collapsing. The star in the center eventually ignited forming our Sun, while the smaller clumps became the planets, minor planets, moons, comets, and asteroids.
Scientists believe that the Solar System evolved from a giant cloud of dust and gas. They believe that this dust and gas began to collapse under the weight of its own gravity. As it did so, the matter contained within this could begin moving in a giant circle, much like the water in a drain moves around the center of the drain in a circle.
At the center of this spinning cloud, a small star began to form. This star grew larger and larger as it collected more and more of the dust and gas that collapsed into it.
Further away from the center of this mass where the star was forming, there were smaller clumps of dust and gas that were also collapsing. The star in the center eventually ignited forming our Sun, while the smaller clumps became the planets, minor planets, moons, comets, and asteroids.
A Great Storm
Once
ignited, the Sun's powerful solar winds began to blow. These winds,
which are made up of atomic particles being blown outward from the Sun,
slowly pushed the remaining gas and dust out of the Solar System.
With no more
gas or dust, the planets, minor planets, moons, comets, and asteroids
stopped growing. You may have noticed that the four inner planets are
much smaller than the four outer planets. Why is that?
Because the inner planets are much closer to the Sun, they are located where the solar winds are stronger. As a result, the dust and gas from the inner Solar System was blown away much more quickly than it was from the outer Solar System. This gave the planets of the inner Solar System less time to grow.
Another important difference is that the outer planets are largely made of gas and water, while the inner planets are made up almost entirely of rock and dust. This is also a result of the solar winds. As the outer planets grew larger, their gravity had time to accumulate massive amounts of gas, water, as well as dust.
Because the inner planets are much closer to the Sun, they are located where the solar winds are stronger. As a result, the dust and gas from the inner Solar System was blown away much more quickly than it was from the outer Solar System. This gave the planets of the inner Solar System less time to grow.
Another important difference is that the outer planets are largely made of gas and water, while the inner planets are made up almost entirely of rock and dust. This is also a result of the solar winds. As the outer planets grew larger, their gravity had time to accumulate massive amounts of gas, water, as well as dust.
The Solar System Has Over 100 Worlds
It is
true that there are only eight planets. However, the Solar System is
made up of over 100 worlds that are every bit as fascinating. Some of
these minor planets, and moons are actually larger than the planet
Mercury!
Others, such as Io, have active volcanoes. Europa has a liquid water ocean, while Titan has lakes, rivers, and oceans of liquid Methane. You can read more about these amazing worlds by clicking here.
Others, such as Io, have active volcanoes. Europa has a liquid water ocean, while Titan has lakes, rivers, and oceans of liquid Methane. You can read more about these amazing worlds by clicking here.
The Asteroid Belt, The Kuiper Belt, And The Oort Cloud
You have
probably heard about the Asteroid Belt. This band of asteroids sits
between the orbits of the planets Jupiter and Mars. It is made up of
thousands of objects too small to be considered planets. Some of them no
larger than a grain of dust, while others, like Eros can be more than
100 miles across. A few, like Ida, even have their own moons.
Further out, beyond the orbit of the minor planet Pluto, sits another belt known as the Kuiper Belt. Like the Asteroid Belt, the Kuiper Belt is also made up of thousands, possibly even millions of objects too small to be considered planets. A few of these objects, like Pluto, are large enough that their gravity has pulled them into a sphere shape.
These objects are made out of mostly frozen gas with small amounts of dust. They are often called dirty snowballs. However, you probably know them by their other name... comets.
Further out, beyond the orbit of the minor planet Pluto, sits another belt known as the Kuiper Belt. Like the Asteroid Belt, the Kuiper Belt is also made up of thousands, possibly even millions of objects too small to be considered planets. A few of these objects, like Pluto, are large enough that their gravity has pulled them into a sphere shape.
These objects are made out of mostly frozen gas with small amounts of dust. They are often called dirty snowballs. However, you probably know them by their other name... comets.
Every
once in a while one of these comets will be thrown off of its orbit in
the Kuiper Belt and hurled towards the inner Solar System where it
slowly melts in a fantastic show of tail and light.
Beyond the Kuiper Belt sits a vast area known as the Oort Cloud. Here within this jumbled disorganized cloud live millions of additional comets. These comets do not orbit the Sun in a ring or belt. Instead, each one buzzes around in a completely random direction, and at extremely high velocities.
Beyond the Kuiper Belt sits a vast area known as the Oort Cloud. Here within this jumbled disorganized cloud live millions of additional comets. These comets do not orbit the Sun in a ring or belt. Instead, each one buzzes around in a completely random direction, and at extremely high velocities.
Beyond The Oort Cloud
The Sun's
solar winds continue pushing outward until they finally begin to mix
into the interstellar medium, becoming lost with the winds from other
stars. This creates a sort of bubble called the Heliosphere. Scientists
define the boundaries of the Solar System as being the border of the
Heliosphere, or at the place where the solar winds from the Sun mix with
the winds from other stars.
The Heliosphere extends out from the Sun to a distance of about 15 billion miles, which is more than 160 times further from the Sun than is the Earth.
The Heliosphere extends out from the Sun to a distance of about 15 billion miles, which is more than 160 times further from the Sun than is the Earth.
Solar System Facts
Each page is full of fun and
exciting facts about our Solar System. Take your time, and enjoy
exploring our solar family.
Taken from: http://www.kidsastronomy.com/solar_system.htm
K
El nombre de nuestro sistema se debe a que el sol es el centro de este.
Esta compuesto por el sol y por 8 planetas que orbitan a su alrededor.
Se cree que su origen estuvo en una gigantesca explosión denominada Big- Bang
Otros componentes del sistema son cometas, asteroides y satélites naturales como la luna.
W
Cuáles son las distancias entre el planeta más lejano y el más cercano al sol.
Cuántos satélites naturales poseen los diferentes planetas.
Cuánto tiempo demora la rotación de Venus sobre su eje.
Qué diferencias hay entre un planeta y otro.
L
Aprendimos que el Sol contiene alrededor del 98% de la
materia en el Sistema Solar.
Los científicos sostienen que el Sistema
Solar se formo a partir de una gigantesca nube de polvo y gas.
Qué los cuatro planetas más cercanos al Sol, están constituidos
de roca y polvo, los cuatro restantes, alejados del sol se
constituyen de agua y gas.
Más allá de los 8 planetas que cocemos, hay 100 mundos más que también constituyen el Sistema Solar.
b)Read the text and create a KWL
The Water Cycle (also known as the hydrologic cycle) is the journey water takes as it circulates from the land to the sky and back again.
The Sun's heat provides energy to evaporate water from the Earth's surface (oceans, lakes, etc.). Plants also lose water to the air (this is called transpiration). The water vapor eventually condenses, forming tiny droplets in clouds. When the clouds meet cool air over land, precipitation (rain, sleet, or snow) is triggered, and water returns to the land (or sea). Some of the precipitation soaks into the ground. Some of the underground water is trapped between rock or clay layers; this is called groundwater. But most of the water flows downhill as runoff (above ground or underground), eventually returning to the seas as slightly salty water.
WHY ARE THE OCEANS SALTY?
 Oceans cover about 70% of the Earth's surface. The oceans contain roughly 97% of the Earth's water supply. |
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/planets/earth/Watercycle.shtml
Taken from:
miércoles, 9 de octubre de 2013
Find a text
a) Create an abstract.
El siguiente texto nos informa sobre la importancia del oxígeno para la realización de la respiración celular y cómo esta se define. El texto parte de la idea de que es fundamental para la comprensión del tema analizar los diferentes órganos y sistemas que permiten el proceso respiratorio y el principio de difusión. Una vez explicado este proceso el texto comienza a diferenciar y explicar los diferentes sistemas respiratorios en animales, comenzando por los insectos. La respiración en los insectos se denomina Traqueal y consiste en un sistema de tubos que permiten ventilar directamente los tejidos. Se explica la situación de los insectos acuáticos.(104)La respiración de los mamíferos se denomina pulmonar, ya que en los pulmones se produce el intercambio gaseoso. Sin embargo son varios los órganos intervinientes debido a que el aire debe recorrer un largo camino hacia el interior del cuerpo. La inhalación y la exhalación son procesos fundamentales para la incorporación del aire al sistema. Este texto nos permite relacionar el mecanismo respiratorio no solo con los diferentes animales sino con el medio en el cual estos se desarrollan.
As shown below in a liquid model, the red dots start with a high concentration on the left, but after time they have spread out into the area on the right. This is relevant during respiration because oxygen and carbon dioxide are often highly concentrated in opposite places, and simultaneous diffusion is how gas exchange occurs.
A diagram demonstrating diffusion. The jar on the left is separated by a semipermeable membrane, which allows the red dots to move from one side of the jar to the other slowly. In the jar on the left, the red dots were added to the left side of the jar. The jar on the right is the same jar at a later time. The red dots have spread out to the right side on the jar until there is an equal amount on both sides. This is the process of diffusion when a substance moves from an area of high concentration into an area of low concentration until both areas are at an equal concentration.
Gas exchange takes place in the capillaries for animals with a closed circulatory system such as birds, mammals, reptiles, and some amphibians. Remember that the capillaries are the smallest blood vessel, and they can be found near every cell in the body. With trillions of cells, that is a lot of capillaries.
The insect has openings called spiracles scattered throughout its body, which are the openings to the tracheae. In small insects, gas exchange occurs by diffusion only. Larger insects will actively pump air into the tubes.
Aquatic insects must seal their spiracles when they are under the water to prevent flooding their tubes. Amazingly, some aquatic insects even have specialized spiracles that can puncture underwater plants and access their plants' oxygen storage centers. Think of it like an underwater vampire bug that sucks oxygen.
Inhalation happens when the rib cage opens up and the diaphragm flattens and moves downward. The lungs can then expand into the larger space that causes the air pressure inside them to decrease, and the drop in air pressure inside the lung makes the outside air rush inside.
Exhalation is the opposite process. The diaphragm and the rib muscles relax to their neutral state that causes the lungs to contract. The squashing of the lungs increases their air pressure and forces the air to flow out.
A diagram of ventilation in most mammals. The left image shows inhalation with a flattened diaphragm. The right side shows the dome shaped diaphragm forcing the air out during exhalation.
In most mammals, the first place that air enters upon inhalation is the nose. It gets warmed, moistened, and filtered by cilia and mucus membranes which can trap dust and pathogens. Air then reaches the epiglottis, which is the tiny leaf shaped flap at the back of the throat. The epiglottis regulates air going into the windpipe and closes upon swallowing to prevent food from being inhaled. It is the gatekeeper to the lungs. If the epiglottis is the gatekeeper, who's the key master?
Diagram of structures of the lungs.
The trachea is a long structure of soft tissue surrounded by c-shaped rings of cartilage. In humans the trachea splits into two bronchi branches that lead to each lung. Each bronchi divides into increasingly smaller branches, until they form a massive tree of tubes. The smallest branches are called the bronchioles, and each bronchiole ends with a tiny air sac (no larger than a grain of sand) called an alveolus.
The tiny alveoli (alveoli is the plural of alveolus) are crucial because they increase the surface area that can be used for gas exchange. If the lungs were just empty sacs the only area available for gas exchange would be the walls of the lungs, which in humans is approximately 0.01 meters squared. In contrast, the alveoli structures provide 75 square meters of surface area where oxygen absorption can take place. That is the size of half a volleyball court.
Diagram of an alveolus near a capillary and the gas exchange process in the lungs.
As discussed above, gas exchange takes place in the capillaries, so the alveoli are closely aligned with the network of capillaries. This brings the blood carrying waste products into close enough proximity with fresh air for diffusion to take place. The waste is removed and the oxygen is taken up by the blood.
The blood is able to carry the fresh oxygen in red blood cells because of the hemoglobin protein, which can attach oxygen molecules. Think of hemoglobin like a bus that carries oxygen passengers. Each hemoglobin protein can carry four passengers of oxygen at one time.
When red blood cells are oxygen rich they are bright red, and when they are deoxygenated they are a deep purple. When the blood reaches the systemic capillaries near the cells, the carbon dioxide and oxygen diffuse in opposite directions.
After circulating through the heart, the blood arrives at the capillaries near the lungs. Water vapor and carbon dioxide are exhaled, and the process begins again with inhalation.
Just as the heart beats on its own, following sinoatrial node signals, breathing is done without conscious effort. There are sections of the brain, called the medulla and pons, that regulate respiration. They decide how fast respiration needs to take place by monitoring the level of carbon dioxide in the blood. In times of excitement or during exercise, the cells require more oxygen than normal. Respiration speeds up. Additionally, the heartbeat increases because the circulatory system is required for the respiration system to function.
Tidal volume is the amount of air breathed in or out during a respiratory cycle. The tidal volume and respiratory frequency vary amongst species and can also be affected by age, pregnancy, exercise, excitement, temperature, and body size. Horses have an average respiration of 12 times per minute, but pigs breathe an average of 40 times per minute.
Horses are obligate nasal breathers, which means that they must breathe through their noses. Humans and many other mammals can breathe through either their mouths or their nasal passages. A horse cannot breathe through its mouth. It is thought that this modification allows horses to graze with their heads down while separate nasal passages breath in air and sniff for potential predators.
Marine mammals breathe oxygen with lungs just like their terrestrial brethren, but with a few differences. First of all, to prevent water from getting into their airway they have adapted muscles or cartilaginous flaps to seal their tracheas when under the water. Additionally, they exchange up to 90% of their gases in a single breath, which helps them gather as much oxygen as possible. A sperm whale can last for 138 minutes on a single breath.
Lastly, it can be dangerous for diving mammals to have air in their lungs when they dive to great depths. For this reason, many marine mammals will prepare for a deep dive by taking a breath, exchanging gases in the blood, and exhaling to empty their lungs.
Taken from: http://www.shmoop.com/animal-movement/animal-respiration.html
Write an abstract about the text(between 150-250).
Amphibians are capable of buccal pumping to push air into the lungs. This begins by muscles pulling air through the mouth or nose into a buccal cavity. Throat muscles then pump and move the floor of the mouth up in a way that Is visible from the outside. This forces air out of the mouth and into the lungs. Look at this frog's throat constantly moving.
Apart from their capillaries, amphibians can also perform gas exchange directly through their highly vascularized skin. This means that their skin has lots of blood vessels going through it. Since the blood vessels are close to their permeable skin surface, diffusion can take place right through the skin. In fact, some salamanders have no lungs at all, and they get all of their oxygen through their skin. The take home message is never get in a breath holding contest with a salamander. We wouldn't recommend a staring contest, either.
When a bird inhales, air is brought into the posterior air sacs, which expand. Upon exhalation, the air is forced from the posterior air sacs into the lungs. This is where gas exchange takes place. A second inhalation will move the air from the lungs to the anterior air sac. A second exhalation will push the air out of the body.
This progression of air through the bird means that the lungs are compressed during inhalation and expand during exhalation. It also takes two full inhalations and exhalations to move one gulp of air through the bird. That's a lot of gulps.
Diagram of the ventilation process in avian respiration showing the air going into an air sac before it reaches the lungs and again after it passes through the lungs.
The unidirectional flow of air through the lungs allows all the air flowing through the lungs to be fresh air with maximal oxygen to be collected. In humans, this is not the case since there is only one pathway to the lungs and it is used for both entry and exit. During flight, air sacs and lungs are continuously filled with oxygen rich air which provides maximal air to be absorbed into the blood stream, which is necessary for the high metabolism needed for flight.
Gills are comprised of gill arches with hundreds of gill filaments extending from them. Each filament is lined with rows of lamellae, and the gas exchange takes place as water flows through them. The frills and flaps increase the surface area to allow more gas exchange to take place, just as the alveoli do in the lungs.
Fish utilize a countercurrent exchange pathway (except for cartilaginous fish), which means that their arteries are arranged so that blood flows in the opposite direction of water movement against the gills. By having their respiration pathway in this orientation, maximum gas exchange can take place.
If the blood and the water were moving in the same direction, the blood would always be next to the same bit of water which would soon be depleted of oxygen. By setting up a countercurrent pathway, the blood is always passing water that still has oxygen. This allows the blood to gather as much oxygen as it can hold.
Since water must be flowing over the gills to provide a continual source of oxygen, fish have developed several ways to keep them ventilated. Some fish swim with their mouths open almost all of the time. Other fish have a special flap called an operculum, which is used to force water across the gills.
The exception to all fish having gills is the lungfish, which has working lungs. It can survive when its water habitat dries up from seasonal drought. Aptly named fish. Similarly, there are also certain land crabs that use gills to breathe outside of the water.
The lungfish is a unique animal which has gills and lungs. Image from here.
Amphibians are capable of buccal pumping to push air into the lungs. This begins by muscles pulling air through the mouth or nose into a buccal cavity. Throat muscles then pump and move the floor of the mouth up in a way that Is visible from the outside. This forces air out of the mouth and into the lungs. Look at this frog's throat constantly moving.
Apart from their capillaries, amphibians can also perform gas exchange directly through their highly vascularized skin. This means that their skin has lots of blood vessels going through it. Since the blood vessels are close to their permeable skin surface, diffusion can take place right through the skin. In fact, some salamanders have no lungs at all, and they get all of their oxygen through their skin. The take home message is never get in a breath holding contest with a salamander. We wouldn't recommend a staring contest, either.
When a bird inhales, air is brought into the posterior air sacs, which expand. Upon exhalation, the air is forced from the posterior air sacs into the lungs. This is where gas exchange takes place. A second inhalation will move the air from the lungs to the anterior air sac. A second exhalation will push the air out of the body.
This progression of air through the bird means that the lungs are compressed during inhalation and expand during exhalation. It also takes two full inhalations and exhalations to move one gulp of air through the bird. That's a lot of gulps.
Diagram of the ventilation process in avian respiration showing the air going into an air sac before it reaches the lungs and again after it passes through the lungs.
The unidirectional flow of air through the lungs allows all the air flowing through the lungs to be fresh air with maximal oxygen to be collected. In humans, this is not the case since there is only one pathway to the lungs and it is used for both entry and exit. During flight, air sacs and lungs are continuously filled with oxygen rich air which provides maximal air to be absorbed into the blood stream, which is necessary for the high metabolism needed for flight.
Gills are comprised of gill arches with hundreds of gill filaments extending from them. Each filament is lined with rows of lamellae, and the gas exchange takes place as water flows through them. The frills and flaps increase the surface area to allow more gas exchange to take place, just as the alveoli do in the lungs.
Fish utilize a countercurrent exchange pathway (except for cartilaginous fish), which means that their arteries are arranged so that blood flows in the opposite direction of water movement against the gills. By having their respiration pathway in this orientation, maximum gas exchange can take place.
If the blood and the water were moving in the same direction, the blood would always be next to the same bit of water which would soon be depleted of oxygen. By setting up a countercurrent pathway, the blood is always passing water that still has oxygen. This allows the blood to gather as much oxygen as it can hold.
Since water must be flowing over the gills to provide a continual source of oxygen, fish have developed several ways to keep them ventilated. Some fish swim with their mouths open almost all of the time. Other fish have a special flap called an operculum, which is used to force water across the gills.
The exception to all fish having gills is the lungfish, which has working lungs. It can survive when its water habitat dries up from seasonal drought. Aptly named fish. Similarly, there are also certain land crabs that use gills to breathe outside of the water.
The lungfish is a unique animal which has gills and lungs. Image from here.
a) Create an abstract.
El siguiente texto nos informa sobre la importancia del oxígeno para la realización de la respiración celular y cómo esta se define. El texto parte de la idea de que es fundamental para la comprensión del tema analizar los diferentes órganos y sistemas que permiten el proceso respiratorio y el principio de difusión. Una vez explicado este proceso el texto comienza a diferenciar y explicar los diferentes sistemas respiratorios en animales, comenzando por los insectos. La respiración en los insectos se denomina Traqueal y consiste en un sistema de tubos que permiten ventilar directamente los tejidos. Se explica la situación de los insectos acuáticos.(104)La respiración de los mamíferos se denomina pulmonar, ya que en los pulmones se produce el intercambio gaseoso. Sin embargo son varios los órganos intervinientes debido a que el aire debe recorrer un largo camino hacia el interior del cuerpo. La inhalación y la exhalación son procesos fundamentales para la incorporación del aire al sistema. Este texto nos permite relacionar el mecanismo respiratorio no solo con los diferentes animales sino con el medio en el cual estos se desarrollan.
Animal Respiration
Every cell in an animal requires oxygen to perform cellular respiration which gives off carbon dioxide and water as waste products. Respiration is the process by which animals exchange these gases with their environment. Animals have specialized systems of structures that help them to do this successfully and efficiently. Even a fish will drown if it cannot successfully breathe underwater.Gas Exchange
The actual exchanging of the gases is dependent upon important structures such as lungs or gills, and the principle of diffusion. Diffusion says that the molecules or particles will move from an area where they are very concentrated into an area where they are less concentrated.As shown below in a liquid model, the red dots start with a high concentration on the left, but after time they have spread out into the area on the right. This is relevant during respiration because oxygen and carbon dioxide are often highly concentrated in opposite places, and simultaneous diffusion is how gas exchange occurs.
A diagram demonstrating diffusion. The jar on the left is separated by a semipermeable membrane, which allows the red dots to move from one side of the jar to the other slowly. In the jar on the left, the red dots were added to the left side of the jar. The jar on the right is the same jar at a later time. The red dots have spread out to the right side on the jar until there is an equal amount on both sides. This is the process of diffusion when a substance moves from an area of high concentration into an area of low concentration until both areas are at an equal concentration.
Gas exchange takes place in the capillaries for animals with a closed circulatory system such as birds, mammals, reptiles, and some amphibians. Remember that the capillaries are the smallest blood vessel, and they can be found near every cell in the body. With trillions of cells, that is a lot of capillaries.
Insects
The respiratory apparatus in insects consists of a system of tubes, called tracheae, which directly ventilate the tissues. When an animal actively moves air to the site of gas exchange, it is called ventilation. The tubes act similarly to a closed circulatory system of blood vessels which divide and branch out into smaller and smaller tubes extending into all parts of the insect like plumbing pipes.The insect has openings called spiracles scattered throughout its body, which are the openings to the tracheae. In small insects, gas exchange occurs by diffusion only. Larger insects will actively pump air into the tubes.
Aquatic insects must seal their spiracles when they are under the water to prevent flooding their tubes. Amazingly, some aquatic insects even have specialized spiracles that can puncture underwater plants and access their plants' oxygen storage centers. Think of it like an underwater vampire bug that sucks oxygen.
Mammals
The chief organ in mammalian respiration is the lungs. The lungs are actively ventilated via a suction-pump mechanism of inhalation and exhalation. Breathing is dependent upon the rib muscles and the diaphragm, which is a structure located just beneath the lungs like a dome-shaped floor (or a dome-shaped roof for the intestinal cavity). Check this site out for how to make a lung model.Inhalation happens when the rib cage opens up and the diaphragm flattens and moves downward. The lungs can then expand into the larger space that causes the air pressure inside them to decrease, and the drop in air pressure inside the lung makes the outside air rush inside.
Exhalation is the opposite process. The diaphragm and the rib muscles relax to their neutral state that causes the lungs to contract. The squashing of the lungs increases their air pressure and forces the air to flow out.
A diagram of ventilation in most mammals. The left image shows inhalation with a flattened diaphragm. The right side shows the dome shaped diaphragm forcing the air out during exhalation.
In most mammals, the first place that air enters upon inhalation is the nose. It gets warmed, moistened, and filtered by cilia and mucus membranes which can trap dust and pathogens. Air then reaches the epiglottis, which is the tiny leaf shaped flap at the back of the throat. The epiglottis regulates air going into the windpipe and closes upon swallowing to prevent food from being inhaled. It is the gatekeeper to the lungs. If the epiglottis is the gatekeeper, who's the key master?
Diagram of structures of the lungs.
The trachea is a long structure of soft tissue surrounded by c-shaped rings of cartilage. In humans the trachea splits into two bronchi branches that lead to each lung. Each bronchi divides into increasingly smaller branches, until they form a massive tree of tubes. The smallest branches are called the bronchioles, and each bronchiole ends with a tiny air sac (no larger than a grain of sand) called an alveolus.
The tiny alveoli (alveoli is the plural of alveolus) are crucial because they increase the surface area that can be used for gas exchange. If the lungs were just empty sacs the only area available for gas exchange would be the walls of the lungs, which in humans is approximately 0.01 meters squared. In contrast, the alveoli structures provide 75 square meters of surface area where oxygen absorption can take place. That is the size of half a volleyball court.
Diagram of an alveolus near a capillary and the gas exchange process in the lungs.
As discussed above, gas exchange takes place in the capillaries, so the alveoli are closely aligned with the network of capillaries. This brings the blood carrying waste products into close enough proximity with fresh air for diffusion to take place. The waste is removed and the oxygen is taken up by the blood.
The blood is able to carry the fresh oxygen in red blood cells because of the hemoglobin protein, which can attach oxygen molecules. Think of hemoglobin like a bus that carries oxygen passengers. Each hemoglobin protein can carry four passengers of oxygen at one time.
When red blood cells are oxygen rich they are bright red, and when they are deoxygenated they are a deep purple. When the blood reaches the systemic capillaries near the cells, the carbon dioxide and oxygen diffuse in opposite directions.
After circulating through the heart, the blood arrives at the capillaries near the lungs. Water vapor and carbon dioxide are exhaled, and the process begins again with inhalation.
Just as the heart beats on its own, following sinoatrial node signals, breathing is done without conscious effort. There are sections of the brain, called the medulla and pons, that regulate respiration. They decide how fast respiration needs to take place by monitoring the level of carbon dioxide in the blood. In times of excitement or during exercise, the cells require more oxygen than normal. Respiration speeds up. Additionally, the heartbeat increases because the circulatory system is required for the respiration system to function.
Tidal volume is the amount of air breathed in or out during a respiratory cycle. The tidal volume and respiratory frequency vary amongst species and can also be affected by age, pregnancy, exercise, excitement, temperature, and body size. Horses have an average respiration of 12 times per minute, but pigs breathe an average of 40 times per minute.
Horses are obligate nasal breathers, which means that they must breathe through their noses. Humans and many other mammals can breathe through either their mouths or their nasal passages. A horse cannot breathe through its mouth. It is thought that this modification allows horses to graze with their heads down while separate nasal passages breath in air and sniff for potential predators.
Marine mammals breathe oxygen with lungs just like their terrestrial brethren, but with a few differences. First of all, to prevent water from getting into their airway they have adapted muscles or cartilaginous flaps to seal their tracheas when under the water. Additionally, they exchange up to 90% of their gases in a single breath, which helps them gather as much oxygen as possible. A sperm whale can last for 138 minutes on a single breath.
Lastly, it can be dangerous for diving mammals to have air in their lungs when they dive to great depths. For this reason, many marine mammals will prepare for a deep dive by taking a breath, exchanging gases in the blood, and exhaling to empty their lungs.
Taken from: http://www.shmoop.com/animal-movement/animal-respiration.html
b) Read the text.
Write an abstract about the text(between 150-250).
Reptiles and Amphibians
Reptiles and amphibians both have lungs and exchange gases in the capillaries like mammals, but there are some differences in how they ventilate their respiratory systems. Reptiles do not typically breathe the same way as mammals since many reptiles lack a diaphragm. Without it they rely on muscles used in locomotion to ventilate their lungs.Amphibians are capable of buccal pumping to push air into the lungs. This begins by muscles pulling air through the mouth or nose into a buccal cavity. Throat muscles then pump and move the floor of the mouth up in a way that Is visible from the outside. This forces air out of the mouth and into the lungs. Look at this frog's throat constantly moving.
Apart from their capillaries, amphibians can also perform gas exchange directly through their highly vascularized skin. This means that their skin has lots of blood vessels going through it. Since the blood vessels are close to their permeable skin surface, diffusion can take place right through the skin. In fact, some salamanders have no lungs at all, and they get all of their oxygen through their skin. The take home message is never get in a breath holding contest with a salamander. We wouldn't recommend a staring contest, either.
Birds
The respiratory system of birds is similar to that of mammals. Air is pulled in using a suction-type pull. Gases are exchanged in the capillaries. The major difference is the route of airflow through the bird. Birds have air sacs that collect air. They then force the air through their lungs like bellows stoking a fire.When a bird inhales, air is brought into the posterior air sacs, which expand. Upon exhalation, the air is forced from the posterior air sacs into the lungs. This is where gas exchange takes place. A second inhalation will move the air from the lungs to the anterior air sac. A second exhalation will push the air out of the body.
This progression of air through the bird means that the lungs are compressed during inhalation and expand during exhalation. It also takes two full inhalations and exhalations to move one gulp of air through the bird. That's a lot of gulps.
Diagram of the ventilation process in avian respiration showing the air going into an air sac before it reaches the lungs and again after it passes through the lungs.
The unidirectional flow of air through the lungs allows all the air flowing through the lungs to be fresh air with maximal oxygen to be collected. In humans, this is not the case since there is only one pathway to the lungs and it is used for both entry and exit. During flight, air sacs and lungs are continuously filled with oxygen rich air which provides maximal air to be absorbed into the blood stream, which is necessary for the high metabolism needed for flight.
Aquatic Respiration
In fish, respiration takes place in their gills. Gills can collect dissolved oxygen from the water and release carbon dioxide. Gills are much more complex than just a slit in the cheek of a fish.Gills are comprised of gill arches with hundreds of gill filaments extending from them. Each filament is lined with rows of lamellae, and the gas exchange takes place as water flows through them. The frills and flaps increase the surface area to allow more gas exchange to take place, just as the alveoli do in the lungs.
Fish utilize a countercurrent exchange pathway (except for cartilaginous fish), which means that their arteries are arranged so that blood flows in the opposite direction of water movement against the gills. By having their respiration pathway in this orientation, maximum gas exchange can take place.
If the blood and the water were moving in the same direction, the blood would always be next to the same bit of water which would soon be depleted of oxygen. By setting up a countercurrent pathway, the blood is always passing water that still has oxygen. This allows the blood to gather as much oxygen as it can hold.
Since water must be flowing over the gills to provide a continual source of oxygen, fish have developed several ways to keep them ventilated. Some fish swim with their mouths open almost all of the time. Other fish have a special flap called an operculum, which is used to force water across the gills.
The exception to all fish having gills is the lungfish, which has working lungs. It can survive when its water habitat dries up from seasonal drought. Aptly named fish. Similarly, there are also certain land crabs that use gills to breathe outside of the water.
The lungfish is a unique animal which has gills and lungs. Image from here.
Brain Snack
Did you know that in mammals fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin does? This is because the fetus has to collect oxygen through the placental wall. In order to compete with the mother's blood, fetuses have a special form of hemoglobin that binds oxygen better and can compensate for the disadvantage of the placental barrier. The fetal hemoglobin lasts in the infant's brain until approximately six months after birth.Reptiles and Amphibians
Reptiles and amphibians both have lungs and exchange gases in the capillaries like mammals, but there are some differences in how they ventilate their respiratory systems. Reptiles do not typically breathe the same way as mammals since many reptiles lack a diaphragm. Without it they rely on muscles used in locomotion to ventilate their lungs.Amphibians are capable of buccal pumping to push air into the lungs. This begins by muscles pulling air through the mouth or nose into a buccal cavity. Throat muscles then pump and move the floor of the mouth up in a way that Is visible from the outside. This forces air out of the mouth and into the lungs. Look at this frog's throat constantly moving.
Apart from their capillaries, amphibians can also perform gas exchange directly through their highly vascularized skin. This means that their skin has lots of blood vessels going through it. Since the blood vessels are close to their permeable skin surface, diffusion can take place right through the skin. In fact, some salamanders have no lungs at all, and they get all of their oxygen through their skin. The take home message is never get in a breath holding contest with a salamander. We wouldn't recommend a staring contest, either.
Birds
The respiratory system of birds is similar to that of mammals. Air is pulled in using a suction-type pull. Gases are exchanged in the capillaries. The major difference is the route of airflow through the bird. Birds have air sacs that collect air. They then force the air through their lungs like bellows stoking a fire.When a bird inhales, air is brought into the posterior air sacs, which expand. Upon exhalation, the air is forced from the posterior air sacs into the lungs. This is where gas exchange takes place. A second inhalation will move the air from the lungs to the anterior air sac. A second exhalation will push the air out of the body.
This progression of air through the bird means that the lungs are compressed during inhalation and expand during exhalation. It also takes two full inhalations and exhalations to move one gulp of air through the bird. That's a lot of gulps.
Diagram of the ventilation process in avian respiration showing the air going into an air sac before it reaches the lungs and again after it passes through the lungs.
The unidirectional flow of air through the lungs allows all the air flowing through the lungs to be fresh air with maximal oxygen to be collected. In humans, this is not the case since there is only one pathway to the lungs and it is used for both entry and exit. During flight, air sacs and lungs are continuously filled with oxygen rich air which provides maximal air to be absorbed into the blood stream, which is necessary for the high metabolism needed for flight.
Aquatic Respiration
In fish, respiration takes place in their gills. Gills can collect dissolved oxygen from the water and release carbon dioxide. Gills are much more complex than just a slit in the cheek of a fish.Gills are comprised of gill arches with hundreds of gill filaments extending from them. Each filament is lined with rows of lamellae, and the gas exchange takes place as water flows through them. The frills and flaps increase the surface area to allow more gas exchange to take place, just as the alveoli do in the lungs.
Fish utilize a countercurrent exchange pathway (except for cartilaginous fish), which means that their arteries are arranged so that blood flows in the opposite direction of water movement against the gills. By having their respiration pathway in this orientation, maximum gas exchange can take place.
If the blood and the water were moving in the same direction, the blood would always be next to the same bit of water which would soon be depleted of oxygen. By setting up a countercurrent pathway, the blood is always passing water that still has oxygen. This allows the blood to gather as much oxygen as it can hold.
Since water must be flowing over the gills to provide a continual source of oxygen, fish have developed several ways to keep them ventilated. Some fish swim with their mouths open almost all of the time. Other fish have a special flap called an operculum, which is used to force water across the gills.
The exception to all fish having gills is the lungfish, which has working lungs. It can survive when its water habitat dries up from seasonal drought. Aptly named fish. Similarly, there are also certain land crabs that use gills to breathe outside of the water.
The lungfish is a unique animal which has gills and lungs. Image from here.
Brain Snack
Did you know that in mammals fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin does? This is because the fetus has to collect oxygen through the placental wall. In order to compete with the mother's blood, fetuses have a special form of hemoglobin that binds oxygen better and can compensate for the disadvantage of the placental barrier. The fetal hemoglobin lasts in the infant's brain until approximately six months after birth.Taken from:http://www.shmoop.com/animal-movement/animal-respiration.html
The Colors Song ~ fun learning for children ~ by Natural English .org
TRUE OR FALSE
Responde verdadero o falso, si es falso fundamenta la respuesta.
1.- El video es sobre números.
2.- Se mencionan 8 colores.
3.- Cuando menciona el color violeta muestra 5 ejemplos.
4.- El último de los colores es el negro.
5.- El color naranja viene a continuación del amarillo.
6.- Los ojos que menciona son de color azul.
7.- Las manzanas rojas están en el canasto.
8.- El ave es de color amarillo.
9.- La ventana es de color blanco.
10.-Para el color gris menciona a los elefantes y el pez.
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